Monday, November 30, 2009

Improving the Sea Surface

Improving the Sea Surface

Changes of average height measured from sea-level areas with a stable environment in geologi.Ketika atmosphere warms, the ocean surface layer will be warmer, so the volume will grow and raise the sea level. Warming will also melt much glacier ice, especially around Greenland, further swelling the sea. Sea levels worldwide rose 10 - 25 cm (4 - 10 inches) during the 20th century, and IPCC scientists predict a further rise of 9 to 88 cm (4 to 35 inches) in the 21st century.

Sea-level changes will complicate life in the coastal region. Increase of 100 cm (40 inches) will submerge 6 percent of The Netherlands, 17.5 percent of Bangladesh, and many islands. Erosion of cliffs, beaches, and dunes will increase. When the high seas to reach the mouth of the river, flooding caused by high water will rise on the mainland. Rich countries will spend huge amounts of money to protect the shorelines, while poor countries may simply evacuate from coastal areas.

Even a modest rise in sea level will greatly change coastal ecosystems. Increase of 50 cm (20 inches) will submerge about half of coastal wetlands in the United States. New marshes will form in, but not in urban areas and regions that have been built. This sea-level rise will cover much of the Florida Everglades.

Wednesday, November 25, 2009

Climate Start Unstable

Scientists use computer models of temperature, precipitation patterns, and atmosphere circulation to study global warming. Based on these models, scientists have made several predictions about the impact of global warming on weather, sea levels, coastal, agricultural, wildlife and human health.

[edit] Climate Start Unstable
Scientists predict that during global warming, the northern part of the Northern hemisphere (Northern Hemisphere) will heat up more than other regions on Earth. As a result, icebergs will melt and the land will shrink. Will be less ice will float on northern oceans. Areas that previously experienced light snow, may not be there again. In the mountains in subtropical areas, snow-covered parts will be less and will melt faster. Growing seasons will be longer in some areas. Temperatures in the winter and at night would tend to increase.

Warmer regions will become more humid as more water evaporates from the oceans. Scientists are not sure whether the moisture is actually going to increase or decrease heating further. This is because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, so that its presence will increase the insulation effect on the atmosphere. However, the more water vapor will also develop a lot more clouds, which would reflect sunlight back into space, where it will reduce the heating process (see the water cycle). High humidity will increase rainfall, on average, about 1 percent for each Fahrenheit degree of warming. (Rainfall in the world has increased by 1 percent in the last hundred years) [29]. The storm will become more frequent. In addition, the water will evaporate faster than the ground. Some regions will become drier than before. Winds will blow harder and perhaps with a different pattern. Hurricane (hurricane) that obtain power from the evaporation of water, will become larger. Contrary to the warming is happening, some very cold periods will probably happen. Weather patterns become more unpredictable and extreme.

Friday, November 20, 2009

Climate models

Climate models

Forecast increase in temperature of several scenarios stability (colored ribbons) based on the report to the Fourth IPCC view. Black line shows the best forecasting; red and blue lines show the limits of possibility that can happen.
Calculation of global warming in 2001 from several climate models based on the SRES A2 scenario, which assumes no action is taken to reduce the main emisi.Artikel for this section are: global climate model
Scientists have studied global warming based on computer models based on the basic principles of fluid dinamikan, radiation transfer, and other processes, with some simplifications due to the limited computer capabilities. These models predict that the addition of gases to the greenhouse effect and warmer climate. [23] Although the assumptions used are similar to the concentration of greenhouse gases in the future, the climate sensitivity would still be in a certain range.

By inserting the elements of uncertainty to the concentration of greenhouse gases and climate modeling, the IPCC estimates that warming of about 1.1 ° C to 6.4 ° C (2.0 ° F to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100. [1] climate models are also used to investigate the causes of climate change is happening right now by comparing the observed changes with the results of the model predictions to various causes, both natural and human activities.

Current climate models produce a fairly good resemblance with the global temperature changes observed during the last hundred years, but did not simulate all aspects of the climate. [24] These models are not exactly state that the warming occurred between 1910 and 1945 caused by natural processes or human activities; but they show that the warming since 1975 is dominated by the emission of gases that humans produce.

Most climate models, when calculating the future climate, based on scenarios of greenhouse gases, usually from the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios / SRES) IPCC. Which is rarely done, the model calculated by adding a simulation of the carbon cycle; that usually produces positive feedback, although the response is uncertain (for the A2 SRES scenario, responses vary between 20 and addition of 200 ppm CO2). Several studies also show some positive feedback. [25] [26] [27]

The influence of clouds is also one source of uncertainty to the models produced today, although now there has been progress in resolving this issue. [28] We also occur the discussions were still ongoing as to whether climate models exclude the effects of feedback and not directly from the variation of the Sun.

Sunday, November 15, 2009

Measuring global warming

Measuring global warming

CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna LoaPada early 1896, scientists suggested that burning fossil fuels will change the composition of the atmosphere and temperature can increase the global average. This hypothesis was confirmed in 1957 when the researchers who worked on the global research program called the International Geophysical Year sampled the atmosphere from the top of Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii.

Measurement results showed an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. After that, the composition of the atmosphere has been carefully tracked. The data collected show that there have been increasing the concentration of the gas-greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Scientists also have long suspected that the global climate warms, but they are not able to provide evidence of the right. Temperatures vary widely from time to time and from one location to another location. It takes many years of climate observations to obtain data that showed a tendency (trend) is clear. Note in the late 1980s seem to show a warming trend, but statistics are few and can not be trusted.

Weather station was originally located near urban areas where temperature measurements were affected by the heat emitted from buildings and vehicles and the heat stored by building materials and roads. Since 1957, the data obtained from a reliable weather station (located far from urban areas), and from satellites. These data provide a more accurate measurement, especially at 70 percent of the planet's surface is covered with oceans. Data that more accurately shows that the surface warming trend really happened. If seen in the late 20th century, noted that the ten warmest years over the last hundred years occurred after 1980, and the three hottest years occurred after 1990, with 1998 being the warmest.

In a report issued in 2001, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that global air temperature has risen 0.6 degrees Celsius (1 degree Fahrenheit) since 1861. The panel agreed that the warming was caused primarily by human activities that add to the gas-greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The IPCC predicts a temperature increase in global average will rise 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100.

The IPCC panel cautioned that even if greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere has not increased since the year 2100, climate would continue to warm for a certain period of emissions that have been released previously. carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for a hundred years or more before nature can dispose of it. [22]

If emissions of greenhouse gases continue to increase, experts predict that carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere can be increased up to three times in the early 22 th century when compared to pre-industrial era. As a result, there will be dramatic climate change. Although the actual events of climate change has occurred several times throughout the history of Earth, humans will face this problem with the risk of a very large population.

Revolutionary War

Revolutionary War
The living room is a safe house at the Bung Karno Rengasdengklok.Soekarno with national figures began to prepare themselves before the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After hearing the Investigating Committee of Indonesian Independence Preparation Business BPUPKI, subcommittee consisting of eight people (official), subcommittee consisting of nine persons per committee Nine (which produces the Jakarta Charter) and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia State founded based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

After seeing Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, there Rengasdengklok event on August 16, 1945; Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta were persuaded by the youth to get away to boarding homeland defense forces Rengasdengklok Map. Youth leaders who persuaded the others Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youths demanded that Sukarno and Hatta declared independence soon the Republic of Indonesia, because Indonesia's power vacuum there. This is because Japan had surrendered and Allied troops had not arrived. But Sukarno, Hatta and the leaders refused to wait for clarity about the reasons for Japan's surrender. Another reason is the Soekarno developing appropriate moment to establish the independence of the Republic of Indonesia which is chosen on 17 August 1945 when it coincided with Ramadan, the Muslim holy month that is believed to be in the first revelation of the Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad's Qur'an. On August 18, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 29, 1945 appointment as president and vice president confirmed by KNIP.Pada on 19 September 1945 the authority to resolve the Soekarno bloodless field event in which 200,000 people Ikada Jakarta will clash with Japanese troops who were armed to the teeth.

At the time of arrival of the Allies (AFNEI) led by Lieutenant General. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia as a de facto after meeting with President Sukarno. President Sukarno was also trying to resolve the crisis in Surabaya. However, due to forces launched provocation NICA (Netherlands) who ride the Allies. (under UK) burst event 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and the death of Brigadier General AWS Mallaby.

Since many provocations in Jakarta at the time, President Soekarno eventually move the capital city of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by vice president and high officials of other countries.

The position of President Sukarno by the 1945 Constitution is the position of president as head of government and head of state (presidential / single executive). During the revolution of independence, the system of government into executive semi-presidensiil/double. President Sukarno as head of state and Sutan Syahrir as Prime Minister / Head of Government. It happened because of the vice presidential decree No X, and the government decree in November 1945 about the political parties. This is taken to the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.

Although the system of government changed, at the time of the revolution for independence, the position of President remains the most important, especially in the face of the Madiun affair during 1948 and the Dutch military aggression II that led to President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and a number of high state officials arrested the Netherlands. Despite the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Emergency Government) with the head Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in reality the international and domestic situation continued to recognize that the Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia is a real leader, only policies that could solve the Indonesian-Dutch dispute.

Tuesday, November 10, 2009

The greenhouse effect

The cause of global warming
[edit] The greenhouse effect
Any source of energy contained in the Earth comes from the sun. Most of the energy in the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When it reached the surface energy of the Earth, he changed from light into heat that warms the Earth. Earth's surface, will absorb some heat and reflecting back the rest. Some of this heat radiation form of long wave infrared to space. However, some heat remains trapped in the Earth's atmosphere due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane which trap the waves of this radiation. These gases absorb and reflect radiation waves emitted heat the Earth and consequently will be stored in the Earth's surface. This occurs continuously resulting in an average temperature of the earth continues to increase yearly.

These gases working in greenhouse gases. With the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped below.

This greenhouse effect is needed by all living things on earth, because without it, this planet will become very cold. With an average temperature of 15 ° C (59 ° F), the earth actually has more hot 33 ° C (59 ° F) from the original temperature, if there is no greenhouse effect the earth temperature is only -18 ° C and ice would cover the entire Earth's surface. On the other hand, if these gases in the atmosphere has been excessive, will cause global warming.

Thursday, November 5, 2009

Effects of feedback

[edit] Effects of feedback
Elements of the cause of global warming is also influenced by various feedback processes that result. An example is the evaporation of water. In the case of gas heating due to increasing greenhouse-gases such as CO2, warming will initially lead to more number of water evaporating into the atmosphere. Because water vapor is itself a greenhouse gas, warming will continue and increase the amount of water vapor in the air until the achievement of an equilibrium concentration of water vapor. Greenhouse effect produced greater than the effect of CO2 alone. (Although this feedback increases the absolute water content in the air, the air relative humidity is almost constant or even slightly decreased because the air becomes warmer). [3] This feedback effect is only slowly because CO2 has a long age in the atmosphere.

Feedback effect due to the influence of clouds is the object of current research. When viewed from below, clouds will reflect infrared radiation back to the surface, thereby increasing the heating effect. In contrast when viewed from above, these clouds will reflect sunlight and infrared radiation into space, thereby increasing the cooling effect. Is it the net effect of producing heating or cooling depending on some specific details such as the type and height of the cloud. The details are difficult to be represented in climate models, partly because the cloud is very small compared with the distance between computational limits of climate models (about 125 to 500 km for the model used in the IPCC report to view Four). Nevertheless, cloud feedback ranked second when compared with the water vapor feedback and is considered a positive (warming increase) in all models used in the IPCC report into the Four Views. [3]

Another important feedback is the loss of ability to reflect light (Albedo) by the ice. [4] As global temperatures increase, ice near the poles to melt with increasing speed. Along with the melting of the ice, land or water below it will open. Both land and water have the ability to reflect light much less when compared with the ice, and consequently will absorb more sun radiation. This will increase the warming and cause more ice to melt, into a continuous cycle.

Positive feedback due to release of CO2 and CH4 from the softening of frozen soil (permafrost) are other mechanisms that contribute to warming. In addition, the melting ice will also release CH4 is also causing a positive feedback.

Ocean's ability to absorb carbon will also be reduced if it warms, it menurunya caused by nutrient levels in the mesopelagic zone of limiting the growth of diatoms than the phytoplankton, which is a low carbon sinks. [5]

[edit] Solar variation

Solar variation over 30 years terakhir.Artikel Main is: Variations Sun
There is a hypothesis which states that the variation of the Sun, with a possibility reinforced by feedback from clouds, can contribute in the current warming. [6] The difference between this mechanism with the warming due to greenhouse effect is the increased activity of the Sun would heat the stratosphere instead of greenhouse effect will cool the stratosphere. Cooling of the lower stratosphere has been observed at least since 1960, [7] are not going to happen when the activity of the Sun to be the main contributor to this warming. (Thinning of the ozone layer can also provide the cooling effect but the depletion occurred from the late 1970s.) Phenomenon, combined with variations in the Sun volcanic activity may have provided the heating effect of pre-industrial times until 1950, and the cooling effect since 1950 . [8] [9]

There are several studies stating that the contribution of the Sun may have been overlooked in global warming. Two scientists from Duke University estimated that the Sun may have contributed to 45-50% increase in average temperatures globally during the period 1900-2000, and approximately 25-35% between 1980 and 2000. [10] Stott and his colleagues argue that climate models guiding the current estimate of the effect of excessive gas-greenhouse gases compared with the effects of the sun, they also noted that the cooling effects of volcanic ash and sulfate aerosols have also been considered trivial. [11] Nevertheless, they concluded that even with increased sensitivity The sun influences the climate though, most of the warming that occurred in the last decades is caused by the gas-greenhouse gases.

In 2006, a team of scientists from the United States, Germany and Switzerland stated that they found no increase in the level of "information" from the Sun in the last thousand years. Solar cycle gives only a small increase of about 0.07% in the level of "statement" during the last 30 years. This effect is too small to contribute to global pemansan. [12] [13] A study by Lockwood and Fröhlich found no relation between the variations of global warming since 1985, the Sun, either through a variation of the output of the Sun and the variations in cosmic rays. [ 14]

Early national movement

Early national movement
In 1926, Sukarno founded Algemene Study Club in Bandung. This organization became the embryo of the Indonesian National Party, founded in 1927. Sukarno's PNI activity causes arrest in the Netherlands in December 1929, and led to a phenomenal pledoinya: Indonesia Sue, to be released back on December 31, 1931.

In July 1932, Sukarno joined the Party of Indonesia (Partindo), which is a fraction of the PNI. Sukarno was arrested again in August 1933, and exiled to Flores. Here, Sukarno was almost forgotten by the national figures. But his spirit still burning as implied in every letter to a teacher of Islamic Unity named Ahmad Hassan.

In the year 1938 until the year 1942 Sukarno was exiled to Bengkulu Province.

New Soekarno-free return during the Japanese occupation in 1942.

[edit] Japanese occupation

Sukarno with GunturPada Fatmawati and early Japanese colonial period (1942-1945), the Japanese government had not noticed movement figures for Indonesia, especially "secure" its presence in Indonesia. This looks at the character's Movement 3A and Mr. Shimizu. Shamsuddin is not so popular.

But eventually, the Japanese occupation government attention and at the same time take advantage of Indonesian figures such as Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and others in each of the organizations and institutions to attract the hearts institutions Indonesian population. Mentioned in various organizations such as Java Hokokai, Center for the People's Power (Putera), BPUPKI and PPKI, of figures such as Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH Mas Mansyur and other options mentioned and looks very active. And finally the national leaders in cooperation with the occupation government to achieve the independence of Indonesia, although some are underground movement like Sutan Syahrir and Amir Syarifuddin because they think Japan is a dangerous fascist.


DuniaPresiden leader Sukarno Sukarno among themselves, when opening statements before reading the text of the proclamation of independence, saying that although we work together with Japan we actually believe and believe and rely on their own strength.

He is active in preparation for the independence of Indonesia, including the formulation of Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution and the basic foundation of Indonesian rule, including formulating the text of the proclamation of Independence. He could be persuaded to get out to Rengasdengklok Events Rengasdengklok.

In 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo to invite leaders of Indonesia Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo to Japan and received by Emperor Hirohito. Even the emperor gave Star Empire (Holy Rachael) to the three figures is Indonesia. The awarding of stars that makes the Japanese occupation government was surprised, because it means that the three characters were considered Indonesia Japanese imperial family itself. In August 1945, he was invited by Marshal Terauchi, the Army leadership in the Southeast Asian region Dalat Vietnam who later declared that the proclamation of Indonesian independence is a matter of the Indonesian people themselves.

But his involvement in bodies formed organization accused Japan made by the Dutch Sukarno cooperated with the Japanese, among others, in the case romusha.

Sunday, November 1, 2009

Livestock (meat consumption)

Livestock (meat consumption)
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In a recent report, Fourth Assessment Report, issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a UN body made up of 1300 scientists from around the world, revealed that 90% of human activity during the last 250 years is what makes the planet hotter. Since the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide levels rising from 280 ppm to 379 ppm in the last 150 years. No kidding, increased concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere was the highest since 650,000 years!

The IPCC also concluded that 90% of greenhouse gases produced by humans, such as carbon dioxide, methane and Nitrous oxide, especially during these 50 years, has dramatically raised the temperature of the Earth. Before the industrial period, human activities are not a lot of greenhouse gases, but population growth, deforestation, farming industry, and the use of fossil fuels causes greenhouse gases in the atmosphere grew more and contribute to global warming. [15]

Research that has been done by the experts during the last few decades shows that the heat was more of the planet and changing the earth's climate system is directly related to gas-greenhouse gases generated by human activity.


Specifically to monitor the causes and effects produced by global warming, United Nations (UN) formed a research group called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change called the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Every few years, thousands of experts and the best researchers in the world who joined the IPCC held a meeting to discuss the latest findings related to global warming, and make conclusions from the report and new discoveries are collected, then make a deal for a solution of the problem.

One of the first things they found was that some types of greenhouse gases directly responsible for the warming we experience, and the largest contributor is people from the creation of gases such greenhouse. Most of these greenhouse gases produced by livestock, the burning of fossil fuels in motor vehicles, modern factories, power plants, and deforestation.

However, according to United Nations reports about livestock and the environment published in 2006 revealed that, "farming is a producer of industrial greenhouse gas emissions are the largest (18%), this amount more than the combined emissions of all greenhouse gases worldwide transportation (13%). "Almost a fifth (20 percent) of carbon emissions come from livestock. This amount exceeds the combined emissions from all vehicles in the world! [16] [17] [18]

Farm sector has contributed 9 percent of carbon dioxide, 37 percent of methane gas (a warming effect 72 times stronger than CO2 within 20 years, and 23 times in 100 years), and 65 percent of Nitrous oxide (a warming effect over 296 times more stronger than CO2). Livestock also generates 64 percent of the ammonia produced by human intervention, which causes acid rain. [19]

Livestock has also been a major cause of damage to soil and water pollution. Currently the farm using 30 percent of the land surface on Earth, and even more land and water used to grow animal feed.

According to reports Mr. Steinfeld, senior author of the Food and Agriculture Organization, Impact of the Old Poor Farm - Environmental Issues and Options (Livestock's Long Shadow-Environmental Issues and Options), the ranch is the "main drivers of deforestation approximately .... 70 percent of former forests in the Amazon has been converted into field-enable livestock. [20]

In addition, the field of cattle feed has reduced the quality of the soil. Approximately 20 percent of the meadow go off due to excessive animal husbandry, compaction, and erosion. Livestock are also responsible for the consumption and pollution of water very much. In the United States alone, trillions of gallons of irrigation water used to grow livestock feed annually. Approximately 85 percent of water sources in the United States used to it. Livestock also cause excessive biological waste for the ecosystem.

Consumption of water to produce one pound of food in farm animal feed in the United States

1 kg of meat Water (liters)
Beef 1000000
3260 Pig
12,665 chickens
Soybean 2000
Rice 1912
Potatoes 500
Wheat 200
Slada 180


Besides damage to the environment and ecosystems, is not difficult to calculate that the livestock industry is not energy efficient. Livestock industry requires an abundance of energy to convert livestock into meat on the dinner table. To produce one kilogram of meat, has produced carbon dioxide emissions as much as 36.4 pounds. Whereas to produce one calorie of protein, we only require two calories of fossil fuel to produce soybeans, three calories for corn and wheat; but requires 54 calories of oil energy to the ground beef protein!

That means we have been squandering fossil fuel 27 times more just to make a hamburger rather than the consumption required to make a hamburger from soya beans!

By combining the cost of energy, water consumption, land use, environmental pollution, damage to ecosystems, it is not surprising if one person on a diet of meat can feed 15 people on a diet of plants or more.


Let us now discuss what is the source of greenhouse gases that cause global warming.

You may be wondering what part of the farm sector, which contributes greenhouse gas emissions. The following outline according to the FAO: [21]

1. Carbon emissions from the manufacture of cattle feed

a. The use of fossil fuels in the manufacture of fertilizer contributed 41 million tonnes of CO2 each year

b. The use of fossil fuels in the farm contributes 90 million tonnes of CO2 per year (eg, diesel or LPG)

c. Over the function of land used for livestock contributed 2.4 billion tons of CO2 per year, including the land here is modified for grazing livestock, which changed the land to plant soybeans as livestock feed, or clearing forests for farm land

d. Carbon is released from the processing of agricultural land for livestock feed (eg maize, wheat, or soybeans) can reach 28 million of CO2 per year. You need to know, at least 80% of soybean harvest and 50% of the world's corn crops used as food ternak.7

e. Carbon released from grasslands into deserts because of eroded contributed 100 million tons of CO2 per year

2. Carbon emissions from animal digestive systems

a. Methane is released in the digestive process of animals can reach 86 million tons per year.

b. Methane released from manure fertilizer can reach 18 million tons per year.

3. Carbon emissions from processing and transportation of cattle meat to the consumer

a. CO2 emissions from the processing of meat may reach tens of millions of tons per year.

b. CO2 emissions from transport of livestock products can reach more than 0.8 million tons per year.


From the above description, you can see the amount of the contribution of greenhouse gas emissions generated from each component of the farm sector. In Australia, greenhouse gas emissions from livestock sector is greater than power plant coal. Within 20 years, the Australian farm sector contributed 3 million tonnes of methane per year (equivalent to 216 million tonnes of CO2), while the power sector for coal contributes 180 million tons of CO2 per year.

Last year, investigators from the Department of Geophysical Sciences (Department of Geophysical Sciences) University of Chicago, Gidon Eshel and Pamela Martin, also reveals the relationship between food production and environmental problems. They measured the amount of greenhouse gases caused by red meat, fish, poultry, milk, and eggs, and compare that number with a vegan diet.

They found that if the standard American diet switched to a diet of plants, it will be able to prevent one and a half ton of greenhouse gas emissions per person extra per year. By contrast, switching from a standard sedan like the Toyota Camry to a hybrid Toyota Prius saves about one ton of CO2 emissions.