[edit] East Asia Summit
Participants of the East Asia Summit:
ASEAN
ASEAN Plus Three
Additional members
ObserverMain article: East Asia Summit
The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The summit has discussed issues including trade, energy and security and the summit has a role in regional community building.
The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN together with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand who combined represent almost half of the world's population. Russia has applied for membership of the summit and in 2005 was a guest for the First EAS at the invitation of the host - Malaysia.[43]
The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005 and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting.
Meeting Country Location Date Note
First EAS Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 14 December 2005 Russia attended as a guest.
Second EAS Philippines Cebu City 15 January 2007 Rescheduled from 13 December 2006.
Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security
Third EAS Singapore Singapore 21 November 2007 Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[44]
Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
Fourth EAS Thailand Cha-am and Hua Hin 25 October 2009 The date and location of the venue was rescheduled several times, and then a Summit scheduled for 12 April 2009 at Pattaya, Thailand was cancelled when protesters stormed the venue. The Summit has been rescheduled for October 2009 and transferred again from Phuket[45] to Cha-am and Hua Hin.[46]
Friday, March 30, 2007
Sunday, March 25, 2007
Policies
[edit] Policies
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
Leaders of ASEAN and Yasuo Fukuda (Singapore, November 21, 2007)Apart from consultations and consensus, ASEAN’s agenda-setting and decision-making processes can be usefully understood in terms of the so-called Track I and Track II. Track I refers to the practice of diplomacy among government channels. The participants stand as representatives of their respective states and reflect the official positions of their governments during negotiations and discussions. All official decisions are made in Track I. Therefore, "Track I refers to intergovernmental processes".[37] Track II differs slightly from Track I, involving civil society groups and other individuals with various links who work alongside governments.[38] This track enables governments to discuss controversial issues and test new ideas without making official statements or binding commitments, and, if necessary, backtrack on positions.
Although Track II dialogues are sometimes cited as examples of the involvement of civil society in regional decision-making process by governments and other second track actors, NGOs have rarely got access to this track, meanwhile participants from the academic community are a dozen think-tanks. However, these think-tanks are, in most cases, very much linked to their respective governments, and dependent on government funding for their academic and policy-relevant activities, and many working in Track II have previous bureaucratic experience.[37] Their recommendations, especially in economic integration, are often closer to ASEAN’s decisions than the rest of civil society’s positions.
The track that acts as a forum for civil society in Southeast Asia is called Track III. Track III participants are generally civil society groups who represent a particular idea or brand.[39] Track III networks claim to represent communities and people who are largely marginalised from political power centres and unable to achieve positive change without outside assistance. This track tries to influence government policies indirectly by lobbying, generating pressure through the media. Third-track actors also organise and/or attend meetings as well as conferences to get access to Track I officials.
While Track II meetings and interactions with Track I actors have increased and intensified, rarely has the rest of civil society had the opportunity to interface with Track II. Those with Track I have been even rarer.
Looking at the three tracks, it is clear that until now, ASEAN has been run by government officials who, as far as ASEAN matters are concerned, are accountable only to their governments and not the people. In a lecture on the occasion of ASEAN’s 38th anniversary, the incumbent Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono admitted:
“All the decisions about treaties and free trade areas, about declarations and plans of action, are made by Heads of Government, ministers and senior officials. And the fact that among the masses, there is little knowledge, let alone appreciation, of the large initiatives that ASEAN is taking on their behalf.” [40]
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
Leaders of ASEAN and Yasuo Fukuda (Singapore, November 21, 2007)Apart from consultations and consensus, ASEAN’s agenda-setting and decision-making processes can be usefully understood in terms of the so-called Track I and Track II. Track I refers to the practice of diplomacy among government channels. The participants stand as representatives of their respective states and reflect the official positions of their governments during negotiations and discussions. All official decisions are made in Track I. Therefore, "Track I refers to intergovernmental processes".[37] Track II differs slightly from Track I, involving civil society groups and other individuals with various links who work alongside governments.[38] This track enables governments to discuss controversial issues and test new ideas without making official statements or binding commitments, and, if necessary, backtrack on positions.
Although Track II dialogues are sometimes cited as examples of the involvement of civil society in regional decision-making process by governments and other second track actors, NGOs have rarely got access to this track, meanwhile participants from the academic community are a dozen think-tanks. However, these think-tanks are, in most cases, very much linked to their respective governments, and dependent on government funding for their academic and policy-relevant activities, and many working in Track II have previous bureaucratic experience.[37] Their recommendations, especially in economic integration, are often closer to ASEAN’s decisions than the rest of civil society’s positions.
The track that acts as a forum for civil society in Southeast Asia is called Track III. Track III participants are generally civil society groups who represent a particular idea or brand.[39] Track III networks claim to represent communities and people who are largely marginalised from political power centres and unable to achieve positive change without outside assistance. This track tries to influence government policies indirectly by lobbying, generating pressure through the media. Third-track actors also organise and/or attend meetings as well as conferences to get access to Track I officials.
While Track II meetings and interactions with Track I actors have increased and intensified, rarely has the rest of civil society had the opportunity to interface with Track II. Those with Track I have been even rarer.
Looking at the three tracks, it is clear that until now, ASEAN has been run by government officials who, as far as ASEAN matters are concerned, are accountable only to their governments and not the people. In a lecture on the occasion of ASEAN’s 38th anniversary, the incumbent Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono admitted:
“All the decisions about treaties and free trade areas, about declarations and plans of action, are made by Heads of Government, ministers and senior officials. And the fact that among the masses, there is little knowledge, let alone appreciation, of the large initiatives that ASEAN is taking on their behalf.” [40]
Tuesday, March 20, 2007
The ASEAN way
The ASEAN way
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
In the 1960s, the push for decolonisation promoted the sovereignty of Indonesia and Malaysia among others. Since nation building is often messy and vulnerable to foreign intervention, the governing elite wanted to be free to implement independent policies with the knowledge that neighbours would refrain from interfering in their domestic affairs. Territorially small members such as Singapore and Brunei were consciously fearful of force and coercive measures from much bigger neighbours like Indonesia and Malaysia. "Through political dialogue and confidence building, no tension has escalated into armed confrontation among ASEAN member countries since its establishment more than three decades ago".[34]
The ASEAN way can be traced back to the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in South East Asian. "Fundamental principles adopted from this included: mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations;
the right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion;
non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
effective cooperation among themselves".[35]
On the surface, the process of consultations and consensus is supposed to be a democratic approach to decision making, but the ASEAN process has been managed through close interpersonal contacts among the top leaders only, who often share a reluctance to institutionalise and legalise co-operation which can undermine their regime's control over the conduct of regional co-operation. Thus, the organisation is chaired by the secretariat.[36]
All of these features, namely non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalisation, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation have constituted what is called the ASEAN Way.
Since the late 1990s, many scholars have argued that the principle of non-interference has blunted ASEAN efforts in handling the problem of Myanmar, human rights abuses and haze pollution in the region. Meanwhile, with the consensus-based approach, every member in fact has a veto and decisions are usually reduced to the lowest common denominator. There has been a widespread belief that ASEAN members should have a less rigid view on these two cardinal principles when they wish to be seen as a cohesive and relevant community.
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
In the 1960s, the push for decolonisation promoted the sovereignty of Indonesia and Malaysia among others. Since nation building is often messy and vulnerable to foreign intervention, the governing elite wanted to be free to implement independent policies with the knowledge that neighbours would refrain from interfering in their domestic affairs. Territorially small members such as Singapore and Brunei were consciously fearful of force and coercive measures from much bigger neighbours like Indonesia and Malaysia. "Through political dialogue and confidence building, no tension has escalated into armed confrontation among ASEAN member countries since its establishment more than three decades ago".[34]
The ASEAN way can be traced back to the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in South East Asian. "Fundamental principles adopted from this included: mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations;
the right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion;
non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
effective cooperation among themselves".[35]
On the surface, the process of consultations and consensus is supposed to be a democratic approach to decision making, but the ASEAN process has been managed through close interpersonal contacts among the top leaders only, who often share a reluctance to institutionalise and legalise co-operation which can undermine their regime's control over the conduct of regional co-operation. Thus, the organisation is chaired by the secretariat.[36]
All of these features, namely non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalisation, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation have constituted what is called the ASEAN Way.
Since the late 1990s, many scholars have argued that the principle of non-interference has blunted ASEAN efforts in handling the problem of Myanmar, human rights abuses and haze pollution in the region. Meanwhile, with the consensus-based approach, every member in fact has a veto and decisions are usually reduced to the lowest common denominator. There has been a widespread belief that ASEAN members should have a less rigid view on these two cardinal principles when they wish to be seen as a cohesive and relevant community.
Thursday, March 15, 2007
History
[edit] History
See also: List of ASEAN member states
ASEAN was preceded by an organisation called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand – are considered as the organisation's Founding Fathers.[8]
The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were so that its members’ governing elite could concentrate on nation building), the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, as well as a desire for economic development; not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework. Unlike the European Union, ASEAN was designed to serve nationalism.[9]
In 1976, the Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea was accorded observer status.[10] Throughout the 1970s, the organisation embarked on a program of economic cooperation, following the Bali Summit of 1976. This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc then grew when Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it joined on 8 January 1984, barely a week after the country became independent on 1 January.[11]
On 28 July 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member.[12] Laos and Burma (Myanmar) joined two years later in 23 July 1997.[13] Cambodia was to have joined together with Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The country later joined on 30 April 1999, following the stabilisation of its government.[13][14]
During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership as well as in the drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[15] composing the then-members of ASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) as well as in the Asian region as a whole.[16][17] This proposal, however, failed since it faced heavy opposition from Japan and the United States.[16][18] Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration. In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three countries (China, Japan, and South Korea).[19]
Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region. On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states have ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[20]
Satellite image of the 2006 haze over BorneoAt the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental perspective. The organisation started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[21] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organisation include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,[22] the ASEAN-Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,[23] and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both of which are responses to the potential effects of climate change. Climate change is of current interest.
Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also, the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.[24]
The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating organisations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter.
In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[25] As a response, the organisation awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the United Nations.[26] Furthermore, on 23 July that year, José Ramos-Horta, then Prime Minister of East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.[27][28]
In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with the United States.[29] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.[30][31] In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an international legal entity.[citation needed] During the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security in Cebu on 15 January 2007, by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, People's Republic of China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which promotes energy security by finding energy alternatives to conventional fuels.[citation needed]
On February 27, 2009 a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10 countries and New Zealand and its close partner Australia was signed, it is estimated that this FTA would boost aggregate GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period 2000-2020.[
See also: List of ASEAN member states
ASEAN was preceded by an organisation called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand – are considered as the organisation's Founding Fathers.[8]
The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were so that its members’ governing elite could concentrate on nation building), the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, as well as a desire for economic development; not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework. Unlike the European Union, ASEAN was designed to serve nationalism.[9]
In 1976, the Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea was accorded observer status.[10] Throughout the 1970s, the organisation embarked on a program of economic cooperation, following the Bali Summit of 1976. This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc then grew when Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it joined on 8 January 1984, barely a week after the country became independent on 1 January.[11]
On 28 July 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member.[12] Laos and Burma (Myanmar) joined two years later in 23 July 1997.[13] Cambodia was to have joined together with Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The country later joined on 30 April 1999, following the stabilisation of its government.[13][14]
During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership as well as in the drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[15] composing the then-members of ASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) as well as in the Asian region as a whole.[16][17] This proposal, however, failed since it faced heavy opposition from Japan and the United States.[16][18] Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration. In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three countries (China, Japan, and South Korea).[19]
Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region. On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states have ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[20]
Satellite image of the 2006 haze over BorneoAt the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental perspective. The organisation started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[21] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organisation include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,[22] the ASEAN-Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,[23] and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both of which are responses to the potential effects of climate change. Climate change is of current interest.
Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also, the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.[24]
The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating organisations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter.
In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[25] As a response, the organisation awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the United Nations.[26] Furthermore, on 23 July that year, José Ramos-Horta, then Prime Minister of East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.[27][28]
In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with the United States.[29] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.[30][31] In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an international legal entity.[citation needed] During the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security in Cebu on 15 January 2007, by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, People's Republic of China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which promotes energy security by finding energy alternatives to conventional fuels.[citation needed]
On February 27, 2009 a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10 countries and New Zealand and its close partner Australia was signed, it is estimated that this FTA would boost aggregate GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period 2000-2020.[
Saturday, March 10, 2007
ASEAN
ASEAN
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Asean)
Jump to: navigation, search
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN
[show]
အရှေ့တောင်အာရှနိုင်ငံများအသင်း (Burmese)
东南亚国家联盟 / 東南亞國家聯盟 (Chinese)
Perhimpunan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (Indonesian)
សមាគមន៏ប្រជាជាតិអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ (Khmer)
ສະມາຄົມປະຊາຊາດແຫ່ງອາຊີຕະເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ (Lao)
Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara (Malay)
Kapisanan ng mga Bansa ng Timog-Silangang Asya (Tagalog)
தென்கிழக்காசிய நாடுகளின் கூட்டமைப்பு (Tamil)
สมาคมประชาชาติแห่งเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ (Thai)
Hiệp hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Á (Vietnamese)
Flag
Motto: "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"
"10 countries, 1 identity"
Anthem: "The ASEAN Way"
Seat of Secretariat Jakarta
Largest city Jakarta
Working language English[show]
English
Malay
Burmese
Chinese (Mandarin)
Filipino
Indonesian
Khmer
Lao
Tamil
Thai
Vietnamese
Demonym Southeast Asian
Member states 10[show]
Brunei
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Government Regional organisation
- Secretary General Surin Pitsuwan
Formation
- Bangkok Declaration 8 August 1967
- Charter 16 December 2008
Area
- Total 4,464,322 km2
2,772,344 sq mi
Population
- 2008 estimate 577 million
- Density 129/km2
208/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total US$ 3,431.2 billion
- Per capita US$ 5,962
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate
- Total US$ 1,505.7 billion
- Per capita $2,609
HDI (2007) ▲ 0.742 (medium) (100th¹)
Currency 10[show]
Brunei dollar
Cambodian riel
Indonesian rupiah
Lao kip
Malaysian ringgit
Myanma kyat
Philippine peso
Singaporean dollar
Thai baht
Vietnamese dong
Time zone ASEAN (UTC+9 to +6:30)
Internet TLD 10[show]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Bangkok Declaration
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[1] commonly abbreviated ASEAN (generally pronounced /ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[2] occasionally /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn[3] in English, the official language of the bloc),[4] is a geo-political and economic organisation of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[5] Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[6]
In 2005, the bloc spanned over an area of 4.46 million km2 with a combined GDP (Nominal/PPP) of about USD$896.5 billion/$2,728 billion growing at an average rate of around 5.6% per annum. In 2008, its combined GDP had grown to more than USD $1.5 trillion with a population of approximately 580 million people (8.7% of the world population) [7]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Asean)
Jump to: navigation, search
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN
[show]
အရှေ့တောင်အာရှနိုင်ငံများအသင်း (Burmese)
东南亚国家联盟 / 東南亞國家聯盟 (Chinese)
Perhimpunan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (Indonesian)
សមាគមន៏ប្រជាជាតិអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ (Khmer)
ສະມາຄົມປະຊາຊາດແຫ່ງອາຊີຕະເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ (Lao)
Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara (Malay)
Kapisanan ng mga Bansa ng Timog-Silangang Asya (Tagalog)
தென்கிழக்காசிய நாடுகளின் கூட்டமைப்பு (Tamil)
สมาคมประชาชาติแห่งเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ (Thai)
Hiệp hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Á (Vietnamese)
Flag
Motto: "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"
"10 countries, 1 identity"
Anthem: "The ASEAN Way"
Seat of Secretariat Jakarta
Largest city Jakarta
Working language English[show]
English
Malay
Burmese
Chinese (Mandarin)
Filipino
Indonesian
Khmer
Lao
Tamil
Thai
Vietnamese
Demonym Southeast Asian
Member states 10[show]
Brunei
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Government Regional organisation
- Secretary General Surin Pitsuwan
Formation
- Bangkok Declaration 8 August 1967
- Charter 16 December 2008
Area
- Total 4,464,322 km2
2,772,344 sq mi
Population
- 2008 estimate 577 million
- Density 129/km2
208/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total US$ 3,431.2 billion
- Per capita US$ 5,962
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate
- Total US$ 1,505.7 billion
- Per capita $2,609
HDI (2007) ▲ 0.742 (medium) (100th¹)
Currency 10[show]
Brunei dollar
Cambodian riel
Indonesian rupiah
Lao kip
Malaysian ringgit
Myanma kyat
Philippine peso
Singaporean dollar
Thai baht
Vietnamese dong
Time zone ASEAN (UTC+9 to +6:30)
Internet TLD 10[show]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Bangkok Declaration
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[1] commonly abbreviated ASEAN (generally pronounced /ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[2] occasionally /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn[3] in English, the official language of the bloc),[4] is a geo-political and economic organisation of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[5] Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[6]
In 2005, the bloc spanned over an area of 4.46 million km2 with a combined GDP (Nominal/PPP) of about USD$896.5 billion/$2,728 billion growing at an average rate of around 5.6% per annum. In 2008, its combined GDP had grown to more than USD $1.5 trillion with a population of approximately 580 million people (8.7% of the world population) [7]
Monday, March 5, 2007
Asia Tenggara masa kini
Asia Tenggara masa kini
Asia Tenggara modern memiliki ciri-ciri pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi pada sebahagian besar negara-negara anggotanya dan semakin dekatnya integrasi regional. Singapura, Brunei dan Malaysia secara tradisional mengalami pertumbuhan yang tinggi dan pada umumnya dianggap sebagai negara-negara yang lebih maju di wilayah ini. Thailand, Indonesia dan Filipina dapat dianggap sebagai negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah di Asia Tenggara, sementara Vietnam pada beberapa waktu terakhir juga mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat. Beberapa negara yang masih tertinggal pertumbuhannya adalah Myanmar, Kamboja, Laos, dan Timor Timur yang baru merdeka.
Pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1967, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) didirikan oleh Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Filipina. Setelah diterimanya Kamboja ke dalam kelompok ini pada tahun 1999, Timor Timur adalah satu-satunya negara di Asia Tenggara yang bukan merupakan anggota ASEAN. Tujuan ASEAN adalah untuk meningkatkan kerjasama antar komunitas Asia Tenggara. ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) telah didirikan untuk mendorong peningkatan perdagangan antara anggota-anggota ASEAN. ASEAN juga menjadi pendukung utama dalam terciptanya integrasi yang lebih luas untuk wilayah Asia-Pasifik melalui East Asia Summit.
Asia Tenggara modern memiliki ciri-ciri pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi pada sebahagian besar negara-negara anggotanya dan semakin dekatnya integrasi regional. Singapura, Brunei dan Malaysia secara tradisional mengalami pertumbuhan yang tinggi dan pada umumnya dianggap sebagai negara-negara yang lebih maju di wilayah ini. Thailand, Indonesia dan Filipina dapat dianggap sebagai negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah di Asia Tenggara, sementara Vietnam pada beberapa waktu terakhir juga mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat. Beberapa negara yang masih tertinggal pertumbuhannya adalah Myanmar, Kamboja, Laos, dan Timor Timur yang baru merdeka.
Pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1967, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) didirikan oleh Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Filipina. Setelah diterimanya Kamboja ke dalam kelompok ini pada tahun 1999, Timor Timur adalah satu-satunya negara di Asia Tenggara yang bukan merupakan anggota ASEAN. Tujuan ASEAN adalah untuk meningkatkan kerjasama antar komunitas Asia Tenggara. ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) telah didirikan untuk mendorong peningkatan perdagangan antara anggota-anggota ASEAN. ASEAN juga menjadi pendukung utama dalam terciptanya integrasi yang lebih luas untuk wilayah Asia-Pasifik melalui East Asia Summit.
Thursday, March 1, 2007
Penjajahan Eropa
Penjajahan Eropa
Bangsa Eropa pertama kali sampai di Asia Tenggara pada abad keenam belas. Ketertarikan di bidang perdaganganlah yang umumnya membawa bangsa Eropa ke Asia Tenggara, sementara para misionaris turut serta dalam kapal-kapal dagang dengan harapan untuk menyebarkan agama Kristen ke wilayah ini.
Portugis adalah kekuatan Eropa pertama yang membuka akses jalur perdagangan yang sangat menguntungkan ke Asia Tenggara tersebut, dengan cara menaklukkan Kesultanan Malaka pada tahun 1151. Belanda dan Spanyol mengikutinya dan segera saja mengatasi Portugis sebagai kekuatan-kekuatan European utama di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Belanda mengambil-alih Malaka dari Portugis di tahun 1641, sedangkan Spanyol mulai mengkolonisasi Filipina (sesuai nama raja Phillip II dari Spanyol) sejak tahun 1560-an. Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) atau Perserikatan Perusahaan Hindia Timur yang bertindak atas nama Belanda, mendirikan kota Batavia (sekarang Jakarta) sebagai pusat perdagangan dan ekspansi ke daerah-daerah lainnya di pulau Jawa, serta wilayah sekitarnya.
Inggris, yang diwakili oleh British East India Company, secara relatif datang ke wilayah ini lebih kemudian. Diawali dengan Penang, Inggris mulai memperluaskan kerajaan mereka di Asia Tenggara. Mereka juga menguasai wilayah-wilayah Belanda selama Perang Napoleon. Di tahun 1819, Stamford Raffles mendirikanSingapura sebagai pusat perdagangan Inggris dalam rangka persaingan mereka dengan Belanda. Meskipun demikian, persaingan tersebut mereda di tahun 1824 ketika dikeluarkannya traktat Anglo-Dutch yang memperjelas batas-batas kekuasaan mereka di Asia Tenggara. Sejak tahun 1850-an dan seterusnya, mulailah terjadi peningkatan kecepatan kolonisasi di Asia Tenggara.
Kejadian ini, yang disebut juga dengan nama Imperialisme Baru, memperlihatkan terjadinya penaklukan atas hampir seluruh wilayah di Asia Tenggara, yang dilakukan oleh kekuatan-kekuatan kolonial Eropa. VOC dan East India Company masing-masing dibubarkan oleh pemerintah Belanda dan pemerintah Inggris, yang kemudian mengambil-alih secara langsung administrasi wilayah jajahan mereka. Hanya Thailand saja yang terlepas dari pengalaman penjajahan asing, meskipun Thailand juga sangat terpengaruh oleh politik kekuasaan dari kekuatan-kekuatan Barat yang ada.
Tahun 1913, Inggris telah berhasil menduduki Burma, Malaya dan wilayah-wilayah Borneo, Perancis menguasai Indocina, Belanda memerintah Hindia Belanda, Amerika Serikat mengambil Filipina dari Spanyol, sementara Portugis masih berhasil memiliki Timor Timur.
Penguasaan kolonial memberikan dampak yang nyata terhadap Asia Tenggara. Kekuatan-kekuatan kolonial memang memperoleh keuntungan yang besar dari sumber daya alam dan dan pasar Asia Tenggara yang besar, akan tetapi mereka juga mengembangkan wilayah ini dengan tingkat pengembangan yang berbeda-beda. Perdagangan hasil pertanian, pertambangan dan ekonomi berbasis eksport berkembang dengan cepat dalam periode ini. Peningkatan permintaan tenaga kerja menghasilkan imigrasi besar-besaran, terutama dari India dan Cina, sehingga terjadilah perubahan demografis yang cukup besar. Munculnya lembaga-lembaga negara bangsa modern seperti birokrasi pemerintahan, pengadilan, media cetak, dan juga pendidikan modern (dalam lingkup yang terbatas}, turut menaburkan benih-benih kebangkitan grakan-gerakan nasionalisme di wilayah-wilayah jajahan tersebut.
Bangsa Eropa pertama kali sampai di Asia Tenggara pada abad keenam belas. Ketertarikan di bidang perdaganganlah yang umumnya membawa bangsa Eropa ke Asia Tenggara, sementara para misionaris turut serta dalam kapal-kapal dagang dengan harapan untuk menyebarkan agama Kristen ke wilayah ini.
Portugis adalah kekuatan Eropa pertama yang membuka akses jalur perdagangan yang sangat menguntungkan ke Asia Tenggara tersebut, dengan cara menaklukkan Kesultanan Malaka pada tahun 1151. Belanda dan Spanyol mengikutinya dan segera saja mengatasi Portugis sebagai kekuatan-kekuatan European utama di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Belanda mengambil-alih Malaka dari Portugis di tahun 1641, sedangkan Spanyol mulai mengkolonisasi Filipina (sesuai nama raja Phillip II dari Spanyol) sejak tahun 1560-an. Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) atau Perserikatan Perusahaan Hindia Timur yang bertindak atas nama Belanda, mendirikan kota Batavia (sekarang Jakarta) sebagai pusat perdagangan dan ekspansi ke daerah-daerah lainnya di pulau Jawa, serta wilayah sekitarnya.
Inggris, yang diwakili oleh British East India Company, secara relatif datang ke wilayah ini lebih kemudian. Diawali dengan Penang, Inggris mulai memperluaskan kerajaan mereka di Asia Tenggara. Mereka juga menguasai wilayah-wilayah Belanda selama Perang Napoleon. Di tahun 1819, Stamford Raffles mendirikanSingapura sebagai pusat perdagangan Inggris dalam rangka persaingan mereka dengan Belanda. Meskipun demikian, persaingan tersebut mereda di tahun 1824 ketika dikeluarkannya traktat Anglo-Dutch yang memperjelas batas-batas kekuasaan mereka di Asia Tenggara. Sejak tahun 1850-an dan seterusnya, mulailah terjadi peningkatan kecepatan kolonisasi di Asia Tenggara.
Kejadian ini, yang disebut juga dengan nama Imperialisme Baru, memperlihatkan terjadinya penaklukan atas hampir seluruh wilayah di Asia Tenggara, yang dilakukan oleh kekuatan-kekuatan kolonial Eropa. VOC dan East India Company masing-masing dibubarkan oleh pemerintah Belanda dan pemerintah Inggris, yang kemudian mengambil-alih secara langsung administrasi wilayah jajahan mereka. Hanya Thailand saja yang terlepas dari pengalaman penjajahan asing, meskipun Thailand juga sangat terpengaruh oleh politik kekuasaan dari kekuatan-kekuatan Barat yang ada.
Tahun 1913, Inggris telah berhasil menduduki Burma, Malaya dan wilayah-wilayah Borneo, Perancis menguasai Indocina, Belanda memerintah Hindia Belanda, Amerika Serikat mengambil Filipina dari Spanyol, sementara Portugis masih berhasil memiliki Timor Timur.
Penguasaan kolonial memberikan dampak yang nyata terhadap Asia Tenggara. Kekuatan-kekuatan kolonial memang memperoleh keuntungan yang besar dari sumber daya alam dan dan pasar Asia Tenggara yang besar, akan tetapi mereka juga mengembangkan wilayah ini dengan tingkat pengembangan yang berbeda-beda. Perdagangan hasil pertanian, pertambangan dan ekonomi berbasis eksport berkembang dengan cepat dalam periode ini. Peningkatan permintaan tenaga kerja menghasilkan imigrasi besar-besaran, terutama dari India dan Cina, sehingga terjadilah perubahan demografis yang cukup besar. Munculnya lembaga-lembaga negara bangsa modern seperti birokrasi pemerintahan, pengadilan, media cetak, dan juga pendidikan modern (dalam lingkup yang terbatas}, turut menaburkan benih-benih kebangkitan grakan-gerakan nasionalisme di wilayah-wilayah jajahan tersebut.
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