Sunday, November 30, 2008

World War I

World War I
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"Great War" redirects here. For other uses, see Great War (disambiguation).
"World War One" redirects here. For other uses, see World War One (disambiguation).
World War I

Clockwise from top: Trenches on the Western Front; a British Mark IV Tank crossing a trench; Royal Navy battleship HMS Irresistible sinking after striking a mine at the Battle of the Dardanelles; a Vickers machine gun crew with gas masks, and German Albatros D.III biplanes
Date 28 July 1914–11 November 1918 (Armistice Treaty)
Treaty of Versailles signed 28 June 1919

Location Europe, Africa and the Middle East (briefly in China and the Pacific Islands)
Result Allied victory; end of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires; foundation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East; transfer of German colonies to other powers; establishment of the League of Nations.

Belligerents
Allied (Entente) Powers

Russia (until 1917)
United Kingdom
United States (after 1917)
France
Italy
and others
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary
German Empire
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria


Commanders
Leaders and commanders Leaders and commanders
Casualties and losses
Military dead:
5,525,000
Military wounded:
12,831,500
Military missing:
4,121,000
Total:
22,477,500 KIA, WIA or MIA ...further details. Military dead:
4,386,000
Military wounded:
8,388,000
Military missing:
3,629,000
Total:
16,403,000 KIA, WIA or MIA ...further details.

[show]v • d • eTheatres of World War I

European
Balkans – Gallipoli – Western Front – Macedonian Front – Eastern Front – Italian Front
Middle Eastern
Caucasus – Mesopotamia – Sinai and Palestine – Persia – Arab Revolt
African
South-West Africa – West Africa – East Africa – North Africa
Asian and Pacific
Other
Atlantic Ocean – Mediterranean – Naval – Aerial


World War I (abbreviated as WW-I, WWI, or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, the World War (prior to the outbreak of the Second World War), and the War to End All Wars, was a military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers,[1] assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies, centred around the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers, centred around the Triple Alliance.[2] More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history.[3][4] More than 15 million people were killed, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.[5]

The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, is seen as the immediate trigger of the war, though long-term causes, such as imperialistic foreign policy, played a major role. Ferdinand's assassination at the hands of Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip resulted in demands against the Kingdom of Serbia.[6] Several alliances that had been formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; with all having colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world.

By the war's end, four major imperial powers—the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires—had been militarily and politically defeated, with the last two ceasing to exist.[7] The revolutionised Soviet Union emerged from the Russian Empire, while the map of central Europe was completely redrawn into numerous smaller states.[8] The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The European nationalism spawned by the war, the repercussions of Germany's defeat, and of the Treaty of Versailles would eventually lead to the beginning of World War II in 1939.[9]

Tuesday, November 25, 2008

Legacy & Naming

Legacy
This section requires the development of ((((date))))
On June 19, 2008, the Cuban government issued a stamp with a picture of President Sukarno and Fidel Castro of Cuba. [2] Publishing the same birthday Fidel Castro and 80 warnings "visit of President of Indonesia, Sukarno, to Cuba".

[edit] Naming
Sukarno's full name at birth was Kusno Sosrodihardjo. [3] When I was little, because often ailing, according to the Javanese custom [citation needed]; by his parents changed its name as Sukarno [citation needed]. In later days when he became President of the Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno changed the spelling of the name of her own became Sukarno because he thought the spelling of the name used colonizers (Netherlands) [citation needed]. He still uses the name of Sukarno in his signature because the signature is the signature contained in the text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence should not be changed [citation needed].

The term familiar to Ir. Sukarno was the Bung Karno.

[edit] Achmed Sukarno
In some Western countries, Sukarno name is sometimes written Achmed Sukarno. This happens because when Sukarno first time visiting the United States, some reporters wondered, "Who's first name Sukarno?" because they do not understand the habit of some people in Indonesia who only uses one name only, or do not have family names. Somehow, then add the name of a person in front of the name of Achmed Sukarno. This also happened in some existing, such as wikipedia Czech language, the language of Wales, Danish, German, and Spanish.

Sukarno Achmed mention that name in dapatnya when perform the pilgrimage. [4]

And in some other versions, giving names mentioned in the name of Achmed Sukarno, carried out by Muslim diplomats from Indonesia who were conducting missions abroad in an effort to obtain recognition of Indonesian sovereignty of Arab countries.

[edit] See also
De-Soekarnoisasi
List of Presidents of Indonesia
Vivere pericoloso
[edit] Notes
^ Http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/index.asp?presiden=sukarno
^ ROY. "Cuba Stamps Publish Bung Karno and Fidel Castro", Kompas Cyber Media, June 3, 2008. Retrieved on June 3, 2008.
^ Figure: Ir. Sukarno. bangfauzi.com. Retrieved on June 3, 2009
^ Adams, Cindy. 1965. Sukarno, an autobiography as told to Cindy Adams. New York: The Bobs Company Inc. Merryl.
[edit] References
(en) Dr. Syafiq A. Mughnie, M.A., PhD. Hassan Bandung, Radical Islamic Thinkers. PT. Bina Ilmu, 1994, pp 110-111.
(en) Leslie H. Palmier. Sukarno, the Nationalist. Pacific Affairs, vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun. 1957), pp 101-119.
(en) Bob Hering, 2001, Soekarno, architect of a nation, 1901-1970, KIT Publishers Amsterdam, ISBN 90-6832-510-8, KITLV Leiden, ISBN 90-6718-178-1
(nl) Lambert J. Giebels, 1999, Sukarno. Nederlandsch onderdaan. Biografie 1901-1950. Deel I, Uitgeverij Bert Bakker Amsterdam, ISBN 90-351-2114-7
(nl) Lambert J. Giebels, 2001, Sukarno. President, 1950-1970, Deel II, Uitgeverij Bert Bakker Amsterdam, ISBN 90-351-2294-1 geb., ISBN 90-351-2325-5 pbk.
(nl) Lambert J. Giebels, 2005, De stille genocide: de fatale gebeurtenissen rond de val van de Indonesische president Soekarno, ISBN 90-351-2871-0

Thursday, November 20, 2008

Early independence

Early independence

Sukarno and Joseph Broz TitoSetelah Sovereignty Recognition (The Dutch government says the Transfer of Sovereignty), President Soekarno was appointed as President of the United Republic of Indonesia (RIS) and Mohammad Hatta was appointed as prime minister of RIS. Position of President of the Republic of Indonesia submitted to Mr. Assaat, which became known as the Java-Yogyakarta Indonesia. However, because the demands of all Indonesian people who want to return to a unitary state, then on August 17, 1950, USI re-transformed into the Republic of Indonesia and President Sukarno became President. Mandate as stakeholders Assaat Mr. President position be returned to Ir. Sukarno. The official position of President Sukarno was the constitutional president, but in fact government policy made after consultation with him.

Myth Dwitunggal Soekarno-Hatta quite popular and more powerful among the people than the head of government of prime minister. Cabinet downs known as "cabinet for the rest of the corn" to make less trusting President multiparty system, even called it a "partisan disease". Not infrequently, he also stepped in to mediate the conflicts in the military body that also impact on the cabinet downs. As October 17, 1952 events and events in the Air Force.


Sukarno and John F KennedyPresiden Sukarno also provides many ideas in the international community. Concern over the fate of Afro-Asian nations, is still not free, do not have the right to self-determination, causing the president Sukarno, in 1955, took the initiative to hold the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, which produced Dasa Sila. Bandung is known as the capital city of Asia and Africa. Inequality and conflict due to "time bomb" left by the western countries are concerned that branded imperialism and colonialism, inequality and the fears of the emergence of a nuclear war that changed civilization, injustice agencies internationally in conflict resolution is also concerned. With President Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Pakistan), U Nu, (Burma) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India), he made the Asian-African Conference that led to the Non-Aligned Movement. Thanks to their services, many Asian countries that gained independence Africa. But unfortunately, still many are also experiencing ongoing conflict so far because of the injustice in the solution of the problem, which is still controlled by powerful countries or superpowers. Thanks to these services, many people from the Asia-Africa that do not forgotten the Soekarno when remember or be familiar with Indonesia.


Sukarno and Jawaharlal NehruGuna run foreign policy free-active in the international world, President Sukarno visited many countries and met with state leaders. Among them was Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union), John Fitzgerald Kennedy (United States), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Mao Tse Tung (China).

This era began in the fall of Sukarno he "divorced" with Vice President Moh. Hatta, in 1956, due to resignations from the arena of politics Hatta Indonesia. Plus a number of separatist rebellion that occurred across Indonesia, and ultimately, rebellion G 30 S, a Sukarno in his tenure can not "meet" the ideals of the Indonesian nation a prosperous and prosperous.

[edit] Sick to death
This section requires the development of ((((date))))
Sukarno died on June 21, 1970 at Wisma Yaso, Jakarta, after experiencing ostracism by his successor Suharto. His body was buried in Blitar, East Java, and now the icon of the city, because every year hundreds of thousands visited by millions of tourists from all over the world. Especially when the implementation of Bung Karno's Haul

Monday, November 10, 2008

Background

Background
Main article: Causes of World War I
In the 19th century, the major European powers had gone to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe, resulting by 1900, in a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent.[2] These had started in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Germany (then Prussia), Russia, and Austria–Hungary. Then, in October 1873, German Chancellor Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserbund) between the monarchs of Austria–Hungary, Russia and Germany. This agreement failed because Austria–Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy, leaving Germany and Austria–Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879, called the Dual Alliance. This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken.[2] In 1882, this alliance was expanded to include Italy in what became the Triple Alliance.[10]

After 1870, European conflict was averted largely due to a carefully planned network of treaties between the German Empire and the remainder of Europe—orchestrated by Chancellor Bismarck. He especially worked to hold Russia at Germany's side to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia. With the ascension of Wilhelm II as German Emperor (Kaiser), Bismarck's system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised. For example, the Kaiser refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890. Two years later the Franco-Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance. In 1904, the United Kingdom sealed an alliance with France, the Entente cordiale and in 1907, the United Kingdom and Russia, signed the Anglo-Russian Convention. This system of bi-national agreement formed the Triple Entente.[2]


HMS Dreadnought. A naval arms race existed between the United Kingdom and GermanyGerman industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the empire in 1870. From the mid-1890s on, the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources to building up the Imperial German Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine), established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy.[11] As a result, both nations strove to out-build each other in terms of capital ships. With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rivals.[11] The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe, with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to the production of the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict.[12] Between 1908 and 1913, the military spending of the European powers increased by 50%.[13]

Austria–Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878. This greatly angered the Pan-Slavic and thus pro-Serbian Romanov Dynasty who ruled Russia and the Kingdom of Serbia, because Bosnia Herzegovina contained a significant Slavic Serbian population.[14] Russian political maneuvering in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in what was known as "the Powder keg of Europe".[14]

In 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire, creating an independent Albanian State while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece. When Bulgaria attacked both Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 day Second Balkan War, further destabilising the region.[15]

On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb student and member of Young Bosnia, assassinated the heir to the Austro–Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia.[16] This began a period of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria–Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain called the July Crisis. Wanting to end Serbian interference in Bosnia conclusively, Austria–Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia, a series of ten demands which were deliberately unacceptable, made with the intention of deliberately initiating a war with Serbia.[17] When Serbia acceded to only eight of the ten demands levied against it in the ultimatum, Austria–Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Strachan argues "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria–Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful. Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".[18]

The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria–Hungary to eliminate its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its long time Serb proteges, ordered a partial mobilisation one day later.[10] When the German Empire began to mobilise on 30 July 1914, France—sporting significant animosity over the German conquest of Alsace-Lorraine during the Franco-Prussian War—ordered French mobilisation on 1 August. Germany declared war on Russia on the same day.

Saturday, November 1, 2008

Background and education

Background and education
Sukarno was born with the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a teacher in Surabaya, Java. His mother was Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai comes from Buleleng, Bali [1].

As a young child living with his grandfather Sukarno in Tulungagung, East Java. At the age of 14 years, a friend of his father who called Tjokroaminoto Sukarno invited to stay in Surabaya and schooled to Hoogere Burger School (HBS) in there with a Koran in the Tjokroaminoto. In Surabaya, Sukarno many met with the SI leaders, the organization led Tjokroaminoto time. Sukarno then joined the organization Jong Java (Java Youth).

Finished H.B.S. 1920, Sukarno continued to Technische Hoge School (now ITB) in Bandung, and graduated in 1925. While in Bandung, Sukarno interact with Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Dr. Douwes Dekker, who was then leader of the National organization Indische Partij.

[edit] Family Soekarno

Background and education

Background and education
Sukarno was born with the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a teacher in Surabaya, Java. His mother was Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai comes from Buleleng, Bali [1].

As a young child living with his grandfather Sukarno in Tulungagung, East Java. At the age of 14 years, a friend of his father who called Tjokroaminoto Sukarno invited to stay in Surabaya and schooled to Hoogere Burger School (HBS) in there with a Koran in the Tjokroaminoto. In Surabaya, Sukarno many met with the SI leaders, the organization led Tjokroaminoto time. Sukarno then joined the organization Jong Java (Java Youth).

Finished H.B.S. 1920, Sukarno continued to Technische Hoge School (now ITB) in Bandung, and graduated in 1925. While in Bandung, Sukarno interact with Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Dr. Douwes Dekker, who was then leader of the National organization Indische Partij.

[edit] Family Soekarno

Background and education

Background and education
Sukarno was born with the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a teacher in Surabaya, Java. His mother was Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai comes from Buleleng, Bali [1].

As a young child living with his grandfather Sukarno in Tulungagung, East Java. At the age of 14 years, a friend of his father who called Tjokroaminoto Sukarno invited to stay in Surabaya and schooled to Hoogere Burger School (HBS) in there with a Koran in the Tjokroaminoto. In Surabaya, Sukarno many met with the SI leaders, the organization led Tjokroaminoto time. Sukarno then joined the organization Jong Java (Java Youth).

Finished H.B.S. 1920, Sukarno continued to Technische Hoge School (now ITB) in Bandung, and graduated in 1925. While in Bandung, Sukarno interact with Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Dr. Douwes Dekker, who was then leader of the National organization Indische Partij.

[edit] Family Soekarno