HISTORY OF ISLAM IN INDONESIA

HISTORY OF ISLAM IN INDONESIA


In the year 30 Hijri or 651 AD, only about 20 years ago from the death of the Prophet Muhammad, Caliph Uthman ibn Affan RA sends delegation to China to introduce Islamic Daula recently stood. In the journey which took four years, the delegates turned out to Uthman had stopped in the archipelago. A few years later, in 674 AD, the Umayyad dynasty had established trading stations on the west coast of Sumatra. This is the first encounter with the Islamic population of Indonesia. Since then the Muslim sailors and traders continued to arrive, century after century. They buy the produce of the land is green while preaching.

Indigenous population gradually began to embrace Islam, although not massive. Aceh, the westernmost region of the archipelago, was the first to accept Islam. Even in Acehlah first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia was established, namely Pasai. News from Marcopolo mention that at the time of the year persinggahannya in Pasai 692 H / 1292 AD, has a lot of Arabs who spread Islam. So did news of Ibn Battuthah, Muslim pilgrims from the Maghreb., Which when dropped in Aceh year 746 AH / 1345 AD writes that in Aceh has spread Shafi. The oldest relic of Muslims found in Indonesia are in Gresik, East Java. Islamic tomb complex form, which one of them is the tomb of a Muslim named Fatima bint Maimun. Numbers written on his tomb in 475 AH / 1082 AD, ie in the era of Singasari Kingdom. It is estimated that these tombs are not from the natives, but the tomb of Arab traders.

Until the 8th century AH / 14 M, had no indigenous population Nusantara pengislaman massive. New in the 9th century H / 14 AD, the indigenous population to embrace Islam en masse. The experts argued that the history of Islam in Nusantara population heavily in the century when it caused the Muslims already have a significant political force. Is marked by the establishment of several Islamic kingdoms such as the design of the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam, Malacca, Demak, Cirebon, and Ternate. The rulers of these kingdoms of mixed blood, descendants of native kings of pre-Islamic and Arab migrants. The rapid Islamization in the seventh century AD

The 21st century

The 21st century
[[File:Islam by country.svg|250px|thumb|right|Islam in the world.(Green: Sunni, Red: Shia]]

[edit] Islam in Turkey
Main articles: Islam in Turkey and Secularism in Turkey
Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, there has been a strong tradition of secularism in Turkey established and institutionalized by Atatürk's Reforms. Although the First Grand National Assembly of Turkey had rallied support from the population for the Independence War against the occupying forces on behalf of Islamic principles, Islam was gradually omitted from the public sphere after the Independence War. The principle of secularism was thus inserted in the Turkish Constitution as late as 1937. This legal action was assisted by stringent state policies against domestic Islamist groups and establishments to neutralize the strong appeal of Islam in Turkish society. Even though an overwhelming majority of the population, at least nominally, adheres to Islam in Turkey; the state, which was established with the Kemalist ideology has no official religion nor promotes any and it actively monitors the area between the religions using the Presidency of Religious Affairs. The Republic Protests were a series of peaceful mass rallies by Turkish secular citizens that took place in Turkey in 2007. The target of the first protest was the possible presidential candidacy of the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, afraid that if elected President of Turkey Erdoğan would alter the Turkish secularist state [39]

Two Iranian revolutions

[edit] Two Iranian revolutions
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution took place between 1905 and 1911. The revolution marked the beginning of the end of Iran's feudalistic society and led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia and restriction of the power of Shah (king). The first constitution of Iran was approved. But after the final victory of revolutionaries over Shah, the modernist and conservative blocks began to fight with each other. Then World War I took place and all of the combatants invaded Iran and weakened the government and threatened the independence of Iran. The system of constitutional monarchy created by the decree of Mozzafar al-Din Shah that was established in Persia as a result of the Revolution was weakened in 1925 with the dissolution of the Qajar dynasty and the ascension of Reza Shah Pahlavi to the throne.

In 1979 the Iranian Revolution (also called "The Islamic Revolution" ) transformed Iran from a constitutional monarchy, under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to a populist theocratic Islamic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shi`i Muslim cleric and marja. Following the Revolution, an Iranian referendum established the Islamic republic as a new government, and a new constitution was approved, electing Ruhollah Khomeini Supreme Leader of Iran. During the following two years, liberals, leftists, and Islamic groups fought with each other, and ultimately Islamics captured power. At the same time, the U.S., USSR, and most of the Arab governments of the Middle East feared that their dominance in the region was challenged by the new Islamic ideology, so they encouraged and supported Saddam Hussein to invade Iran, which resulted in the Iran-Iraq war.