Measuring global warming
CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna LoaPada early 1896, scientists suggested that burning fossil fuels will change the composition of the atmosphere and temperature can increase the global average. This hypothesis was confirmed in 1957 when the researchers who worked on the global research program called the International Geophysical Year sampled the atmosphere from the top of Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii.
Measurement results showed an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. After that, the composition of the atmosphere has been carefully tracked. The data collected show that there have been increasing the concentration of the gas-greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Scientists also have long suspected that the global climate warms, but they are not able to provide evidence of the right. Temperatures vary widely from time to time and from one location to another location. It takes many years of climate observations to obtain data that showed a tendency (trend) is clear. Note in the late 1980s seem to show a warming trend, but statistics are few and can not be trusted.
Weather station was originally located near urban areas where temperature measurements were affected by the heat emitted from buildings and vehicles and the heat stored by building materials and roads. Since 1957, the data obtained from a reliable weather station (located far from urban areas), and from satellites. These data provide a more accurate measurement, especially at 70 percent of the planet's surface is covered with oceans. Data that more accurately shows that the surface warming trend really happened. If seen in the late 20th century, noted that the ten warmest years over the last hundred years occurred after 1980, and the three hottest years occurred after 1990, with 1998 being the warmest.
In a report issued in 2001, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that global air temperature has risen 0.6 degrees Celsius (1 degree Fahrenheit) since 1861. The panel agreed that the warming was caused primarily by human activities that add to the gas-greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The IPCC predicts a temperature increase in global average will rise 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100.
The IPCC panel cautioned that even if greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere has not increased since the year 2100, climate would continue to warm for a certain period of emissions that have been released previously. carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for a hundred years or more before nature can dispose of it. [22]
If emissions of greenhouse gases continue to increase, experts predict that carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere can be increased up to three times in the early 22 th century when compared to pre-industrial era. As a result, there will be dramatic climate change. Although the actual events of climate change has occurred several times throughout the history of Earth, humans will face this problem with the risk of a very large population.
Sunday, November 15, 2009
Revolutionary War
Revolutionary War
The living room is a safe house at the Bung Karno Rengasdengklok.Soekarno with national figures began to prepare themselves before the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After hearing the Investigating Committee of Indonesian Independence Preparation Business BPUPKI, subcommittee consisting of eight people (official), subcommittee consisting of nine persons per committee Nine (which produces the Jakarta Charter) and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia State founded based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
After seeing Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, there Rengasdengklok event on August 16, 1945; Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta were persuaded by the youth to get away to boarding homeland defense forces Rengasdengklok Map. Youth leaders who persuaded the others Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youths demanded that Sukarno and Hatta declared independence soon the Republic of Indonesia, because Indonesia's power vacuum there. This is because Japan had surrendered and Allied troops had not arrived. But Sukarno, Hatta and the leaders refused to wait for clarity about the reasons for Japan's surrender. Another reason is the Soekarno developing appropriate moment to establish the independence of the Republic of Indonesia which is chosen on 17 August 1945 when it coincided with Ramadan, the Muslim holy month that is believed to be in the first revelation of the Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad's Qur'an. On August 18, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 29, 1945 appointment as president and vice president confirmed by KNIP.Pada on 19 September 1945 the authority to resolve the Soekarno bloodless field event in which 200,000 people Ikada Jakarta will clash with Japanese troops who were armed to the teeth.
At the time of arrival of the Allies (AFNEI) led by Lieutenant General. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia as a de facto after meeting with President Sukarno. President Sukarno was also trying to resolve the crisis in Surabaya. However, due to forces launched provocation NICA (Netherlands) who ride the Allies. (under UK) burst event 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and the death of Brigadier General AWS Mallaby.
Since many provocations in Jakarta at the time, President Soekarno eventually move the capital city of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by vice president and high officials of other countries.
The position of President Sukarno by the 1945 Constitution is the position of president as head of government and head of state (presidential / single executive). During the revolution of independence, the system of government into executive semi-presidensiil/double. President Sukarno as head of state and Sutan Syahrir as Prime Minister / Head of Government. It happened because of the vice presidential decree No X, and the government decree in November 1945 about the political parties. This is taken to the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.
Although the system of government changed, at the time of the revolution for independence, the position of President remains the most important, especially in the face of the Madiun affair during 1948 and the Dutch military aggression II that led to President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and a number of high state officials arrested the Netherlands. Despite the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Emergency Government) with the head Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in reality the international and domestic situation continued to recognize that the Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia is a real leader, only policies that could solve the Indonesian-Dutch dispute.
The living room is a safe house at the Bung Karno Rengasdengklok.Soekarno with national figures began to prepare themselves before the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After hearing the Investigating Committee of Indonesian Independence Preparation Business BPUPKI, subcommittee consisting of eight people (official), subcommittee consisting of nine persons per committee Nine (which produces the Jakarta Charter) and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia State founded based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
After seeing Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, there Rengasdengklok event on August 16, 1945; Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta were persuaded by the youth to get away to boarding homeland defense forces Rengasdengklok Map. Youth leaders who persuaded the others Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youths demanded that Sukarno and Hatta declared independence soon the Republic of Indonesia, because Indonesia's power vacuum there. This is because Japan had surrendered and Allied troops had not arrived. But Sukarno, Hatta and the leaders refused to wait for clarity about the reasons for Japan's surrender. Another reason is the Soekarno developing appropriate moment to establish the independence of the Republic of Indonesia which is chosen on 17 August 1945 when it coincided with Ramadan, the Muslim holy month that is believed to be in the first revelation of the Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad's Qur'an. On August 18, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 29, 1945 appointment as president and vice president confirmed by KNIP.Pada on 19 September 1945 the authority to resolve the Soekarno bloodless field event in which 200,000 people Ikada Jakarta will clash with Japanese troops who were armed to the teeth.
At the time of arrival of the Allies (AFNEI) led by Lieutenant General. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia as a de facto after meeting with President Sukarno. President Sukarno was also trying to resolve the crisis in Surabaya. However, due to forces launched provocation NICA (Netherlands) who ride the Allies. (under UK) burst event 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and the death of Brigadier General AWS Mallaby.
Since many provocations in Jakarta at the time, President Soekarno eventually move the capital city of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by vice president and high officials of other countries.
The position of President Sukarno by the 1945 Constitution is the position of president as head of government and head of state (presidential / single executive). During the revolution of independence, the system of government into executive semi-presidensiil/double. President Sukarno as head of state and Sutan Syahrir as Prime Minister / Head of Government. It happened because of the vice presidential decree No X, and the government decree in November 1945 about the political parties. This is taken to the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.
Although the system of government changed, at the time of the revolution for independence, the position of President remains the most important, especially in the face of the Madiun affair during 1948 and the Dutch military aggression II that led to President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and a number of high state officials arrested the Netherlands. Despite the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Emergency Government) with the head Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in reality the international and domestic situation continued to recognize that the Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia is a real leader, only policies that could solve the Indonesian-Dutch dispute.
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
The greenhouse effect
The cause of global warming
[edit] The greenhouse effect
Any source of energy contained in the Earth comes from the sun. Most of the energy in the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When it reached the surface energy of the Earth, he changed from light into heat that warms the Earth. Earth's surface, will absorb some heat and reflecting back the rest. Some of this heat radiation form of long wave infrared to space. However, some heat remains trapped in the Earth's atmosphere due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane which trap the waves of this radiation. These gases absorb and reflect radiation waves emitted heat the Earth and consequently will be stored in the Earth's surface. This occurs continuously resulting in an average temperature of the earth continues to increase yearly.
These gases working in greenhouse gases. With the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped below.
This greenhouse effect is needed by all living things on earth, because without it, this planet will become very cold. With an average temperature of 15 ° C (59 ° F), the earth actually has more hot 33 ° C (59 ° F) from the original temperature, if there is no greenhouse effect the earth temperature is only -18 ° C and ice would cover the entire Earth's surface. On the other hand, if these gases in the atmosphere has been excessive, will cause global warming.
[edit] The greenhouse effect
Any source of energy contained in the Earth comes from the sun. Most of the energy in the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When it reached the surface energy of the Earth, he changed from light into heat that warms the Earth. Earth's surface, will absorb some heat and reflecting back the rest. Some of this heat radiation form of long wave infrared to space. However, some heat remains trapped in the Earth's atmosphere due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane which trap the waves of this radiation. These gases absorb and reflect radiation waves emitted heat the Earth and consequently will be stored in the Earth's surface. This occurs continuously resulting in an average temperature of the earth continues to increase yearly.
These gases working in greenhouse gases. With the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped below.
This greenhouse effect is needed by all living things on earth, because without it, this planet will become very cold. With an average temperature of 15 ° C (59 ° F), the earth actually has more hot 33 ° C (59 ° F) from the original temperature, if there is no greenhouse effect the earth temperature is only -18 ° C and ice would cover the entire Earth's surface. On the other hand, if these gases in the atmosphere has been excessive, will cause global warming.
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