Early life and career

Early life and career
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Barack Obama was born at Kapi'olani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States,[4] to Stanley Ann Dunham,[5] an American of predominantly English descent from Wichita, Kansas,[6] and Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya Colony. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[7][8] The couple married on February 2, 1961,[9] and Barack was born later that year. His parents separated when he was two years old and they divorced in 1964.[8] Obama's father remarried and returned to Kenya, where he had two more sons, David and Mark Ndesandjo.[10] The senior Obama saw his first son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[11]

After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to the island nation.[12] They lived in the Menteng area of Jakarta.[13] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.

In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from the fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[14]

Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she relocated to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.[15]


Right-to-left: Barack Obama and half-sister Maya Soetoro, with their mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii (early 1970s)Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[16] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[17] Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[18] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[19] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his "greatest moral failure."[20]

Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College.[21] After two years he transferred in 1981 to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations[22] and graduated with a B.A. in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[23][24] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[25][26]