The impact of rising sea levels and flooding of Environmental Condition Bio-geophysical and Social-Economic Society.

The impact of rising sea levels and flooding of Environmental Condition Bio-geophysical and Social-Economic Society.
Sea level rise would result in general the following impact: (a) increased frequency and intensity of floods, (b) changes in ocean currents and the widespread destruction of mangrove, (c) expansion of sea water intrusion, (d) a threat to the socio-economic activities of society coastal, and (e) reduction in land area or loss of small islands.

The increased frequency and intensity of floods caused by the random pattern of rainfall and short rainy season while the very high rainfall (extreme events). Another possibility is due to backwater effects from coastal to inland areas. The frequency and intensity of flooding is predicted occurs 9 times greater in the next decade where the 80% increase in flooding occurred in South and Southeast Asia (including Indonesia) with an area of the floodwaters reached 2 million square miles. Increasing the volume of water in coastal areas will provide an accumulative effect when the sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of rain occurred in the same period.

Sea level rise in addition to resulting changes in ocean currents in coastal areas also cause damage to the mangrove ecosystem, which currently only condition is very worrying. Extensive mangrove forests in Indonesia continued to decline from 5,209,543 ha (1982) decreased to 3,235,700 ha (1987) and decreased again to 2,496,185 ha (1993). In a 10-year period (1982-1993), has been a decline in the mangrove forest ± 50% of the total area of the original. If the existence of mangrove untenable, then: coastal abrasion will often occur because there was no wave drag, the pollution of the river to the sea will rise because there was no filter pollutants, and aquaculture farming zones would be threatened by itself.
Spread of sea water intrusion caused by the occurrence of other than sea level rise was also triggered by the occurrence of land subsidence due to ground water exploitation excessive. For example, estimated in the period between 2050 until 2070, then the sea water intrusion will cover 50% of the total area of North Jakarta.
Disruption of socio-economic conditions of society that occurred among others: (a) the disruption of road networks and railway traffic in Pantura East Java and South Sumatra; (b) a pool of settlements in the coastal cities that are in the area of Java Pantura , eastern Sumatra, southern Kalimantan, Sulawesi Barat Daya, and some coastal spots in Papua; (c) loss of cultivated land such as rice fields, brackish fish ponds, and mangrove area of 3.4 million hectares, equivalent to U.S. $ 11.307 million; this picture becomes even more 'blurred' when linked to the existence of centers of food production is only range from only 4% of the total national area, and (d) decrease in land productivity in food centers, such as in the Citarum river basin, Brantas, and Saddang very crucial for the survival of food self-sufficiency in Indonesia. The areas of Indonesia affected by the potential rise in sea level are shown in Figure 1 below.
Threatened coastal area reduction and even the loss of small islands that can reach the number 2000 to 4000 the island, depending on sea level rise that occurred. Assuming the shoreline setback as far as 25 meters, at the end of 2100 century coastal land loss reached 202,500 ha.
For Indonesia, the impact of sea level rise and flooding is more exacerbated by the tropical forest reduction significant, either by fire or by defoliation. Data collected from the Georgetown - International Environmental Law Review (1999) showed that in the period 1997 to 1998 is not less than 1.7 million hectares of forest burning in Sumatra and Kalimantan, due to the influence of El Nino. Even WWF (2000) mention the larger number, ie between 2 to 3.5 million hectares in the same period. If not taken steps to correct the damage to forests - especially those that serve conservation - will cause a run-off upstream of the region, increasing the risk of flooding in pendangkalan and downstream areas, and expand the water scarcity in the long run.